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Organic Cooperation

by PeterTostle

After pecking order is established, animals spend more time in cooperating than in fighting. They bring each other gifts, especially during the mating season, build nests for their families, and bring food to their offspring. A shelf of books could be written on the cooperative behavior of flies, turtles, bowerbirds, newts, elephants, baboons, and humans. A leveling off of this effect appears to occur after a distance of about fifty feet.

We also investigated the effects of the length of exposure time to the model when the distance followed was kept constant. Since the distance of twelve and a half feet could be traveled by the duck in periods of two minutes, ten minutes, and thirty minutes, we used this as a unit. Imprinting scores made by animals in each of these three groups were essentially identical. We also found that there is no significant difference between ducklings allowed to follow for a distance of one hundred feet during ten minutes and those allowed thirty minutes to cover the same distance.

The research program of which this monograph represents a part starts out with the basic conviction that inborn temperamental characteristics of the infant make a fundamental contribution to the development of psychological individuality. The data available for exploring the process of interaction have been insufficient because most investigations in both developmental psychology and child psychiatry have tended to focus upon the environmental contributions to development.

In some species, the male is larger, as the walrus, sea lion, moose, but for most species the female is larger, though the male is more active. Regardless of the size of the respective mates, they are always much larger than the sperm, which are always microscopic saltwater swimmers.

The only mammals capable of distinguishing differences through color are the primates, although this ability is most common among day active birds, fish, and lizards. Insects are sensitive to colors not visible to man, such as ultraviolet rays, just as rats, dogs, birds, porpoises, and bats are sensitive to sounds that man can not hear. Apparently each species is most highly sensitive to the coloring, odor, or sounds of its own potential mates; some snakes and insects are very sensitive to a point or two of difference in temperature.

A content analysis was performed on the interview protocols of the first 22 children studied. In the course of this analysis the protocol data were distributed against a wide variety of formal behavioral attributes. It was found that nine categories of functioning could be scored continuously throughout the protocols. Further, the distributions of scores in each of these categories were sufficiently wide to permit differentiation among individuals within each category. Although various amounts of data were available for additional categories of functioning, their distributions failed to satisfy either the requirement of ubiquitous, or of sufficient variability to permit of inter individual comparison. The content analysis, therefore, resulted in the adoption of the following nine categories for the assessment of individuality in behavioral functioning.

About the Author: Frank Cole

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Organic Cooperation